Processing Trauma in a Maladaptive Fashion
The looming maladaptive style predicts shared variance in feet disorder symptoms: farther support for a cognitive model of vulnerability to anxiety
Abstract
Looming vulnerability pertains to a distinct cognitive phenomenology characterized by mental representations of dynamically intensifying danger and rapidly rising risk as one projects the self into an predictable futurity [J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 79 (2000) 837]. While looming appraisals can be experienced equally state elicitation, some individuals are hypothesized to develop an enduring cognitive design of cross-situational looming appraisals, the looming maladaptive style (LMS), which functions as a cerebral vulnerability to feet. In the present study, we examined the extent to which the LMS predicts mutual variance in numerous anxiety disorder symptoms, independent of the potentially confounding furnishings of current depressive symptoms. Specifically, we hypothesized that decision-making for depressive symptoms, LMS would predict shared variance in a latent factor comprised of indicators of five feet disorder symptoms: obsessive–compulsive disorder, mail service-traumatic stress disorder, generalized feet disorder, social phobia, and specific phobic fears. Measures of these feet disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, and looming vulnerability were administered to unselected college student population. Structural equations modeling analyses provided support for our hypothesis that LMS predicts shared variance in anxiety disorder symptoms and propose that this cognitive style may be an overarching dimension of vulnerability to anxiety.
Section snippets
The looming maladaptive style
Although looming appraisals of threat can exist experienced simply as a state elicitation, they can also develop into a more durable cognitive pattern. Riskind and colleagues (2000) proposed the looming maladaptive style (LMS) as a broad and pervasive cognitive pattern to cross-situationally assess threat as chop-chop rise in hazard, progressively worsening, or actively accelerating and speeding up. The LMS is conceptualized equally a schema-driven, evolutionarily based process of threat/impairment appraisal
Present written report
While previous studies accept provided mounting evidence for the construct validity of LMS, ane tenet of the looming vulnerability model has not yet been directly tested: That LMS represents an overarching cognitive vulnerability that is common to feet and anxiety disorder symptoms, simply not low. In the nowadays report the extent to which LMS predicted common variance in numerous anxiety disorder symptoms (e.g., obsessive–compulsive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms,
Participants and procedure
One hundred and twenty-three students (92 females and 31 males) at a various urban academy who ranged in age from 18 to 33 (M=19.lxxx, S.D.=2.68) participated in this report in exchange for course credit. The bulk of participants described themselves as Caucasian (62%), only a variety of other racial groups participated such that the sample provided an acceptable representation of the student population.
Participants were assembled in pocket-size groups of 10–12 persons and asked to complete a
Information analysis
Our hypotheses were tested using SEM (Hoyle & Smith, 1994), with the AMOS 4.01 program and the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation process. Model fit was examined via several common indices: χii index, Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI; Bentler & Bonett, 1980), Comparative Fit Alphabetize (CFI; Bentler, 1990) and the Root Mean Foursquare Fault of Approximation (RMSEA; Steiger, 1980). Model comparison was conducted via the Chi-Square Departure Test (CSDT).
The model tested herein involves three latent variables:
Give-and-take
In the present study, our main purpose was to examine the supposition that the cognitive phenomenology of looming vulnerability underlies the mutual features of numerous anxiety disorder symptoms. Specifically, we hypothesized that the LMS would predict a latent factor comprised of indicators of five feet disorder symptoms: obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), mail-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), fear of negative evaluation (FNE), and specific phobic
Acknowledgements
The authors express gratitude to the bearding reviewers who provided extremely useful feedback on this manuscript.
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Looming cognitive style refers to the trend for individuals to pervasively predict threat in the environment combined with the sense that this threat is rapidly increasing (due east.g., Reardon & Williams, 2007). Ii studies bespeak that self-report of greater looming cognitive style is modestly associated with PTSD symptoms (Reardon & Williams, 2007; Williams, Shahar, Riskind, & Joiner, 2005). Research documenting information processing biases in PTSD also supports the looming cognitive way hypothesis.
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The predictive ability of LCS has been repeatedly demonstrated. It predicts the shared variance of diverse anxiety symptoms (Williams, Shahar, Riskind, & Joiner, 2005), anxiety but not depressive symptoms ameliorate than other cognitive predictors (Reardon & Williams, 2007), and curt-fourth dimension change (1 week) in anxiety symptoms, fifty-fifty afterwards decision-making for low and intolerance of doubtfulness (Riskind, Tzur, Williams, Mann, & Shahar, 2007). In addition to its high predictive ability for anxiety, in that location is a reason to expect a relation between psychopathy and LCS.
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